Hyperlearning MCAT ® Science Workbook MCAT ® is a registered trademark of the Association of American MedicalColleges, which does not sponsor or endorse this product Hyperlearning MCAT Science W orkbook 2011 Edition Contributors and Acknowledgments Original Hyperlearning course materials edited for production by Judene Wright, MS, MAEd, National Content Director for the TPR MCAT Program, who would like to thank all of the Hyperlearning science developers, including James Patick Abulencia, PhD; Jes Adams, MS; John Bahling, MD; Bethany Blackwell, MS; Kristen Brunson, PhD; Joshua Dilworth, MD, PhD; William Ewing, MS; Jon Fowler, MA; Matthew Patterson, MD; Chris Pentzell, MS; Karen Salazar, PhD; and Carolyn Shiau, MDSpecial thanks to all former contributors, including Peter J Alaimo, PhD; Garrett T Biehle, PhD; Kendra Bowman, Clay Cauthen, MD; Glenn E Croston, PhD; Douglas S Daniels, PhD; Frank Gibson, PhD; Scott C Johnson, Najeeb Khan, Matthew D Kohler, PhD; Stefan Loren, PhD; Allen Nicol, PhD; Daniel J Pallin, MD; Kirk Tanner, and Christopher M Volpe, PhDe Princeton Review would also like to thank all of the following:Terese Alban, Kyle Alexander, Trevor Andrews, Hillary Anger, Salman Baig, Donna Barba, Nancy Beth Barr, Tom Barry, Elizabeth Barrekette, Jinhee Bae, John Bergdahl, Steve Borstelman, Jessica Brockington, Kristin Brown, Ian Carleton, Alex Carney, Joe Cavallaro, Cecelia Chao, Mina Chong, Kasia Clark, Peggy Cloutier, Lyndall Culbertson, Patrick Darby, Shannon Daugherty, Joseph Deltoro, Ray Dykeman, Leland Elliot, Fritz Engebrethsen, Alicia Ernst, Jen Ewart, Mary Favier, Alan Feinberg, Julie Fisher, Doug French, Michael Gamerl, Jay Glick, Nell Goddin, Mitchell Golden, Joe Goy, Kalee Gregory, Even Gross, Deborah Guest, Russell Haddock, Michael Haile, Julian Ham, Clayton Harding, Ken Howard, Adam Hurwitz, Sara Hymowitz, Norm Issa, Justin Jackson, Brett Jaffe, Sora Jun, Peter Jung, Andrew Kagan, Sara Kane, Jason Kasin, David Kaufman, Jeff Kelley, Bill Kerr, Meher Khambata, Robert Y Kim, Julie Lapp, Laura Lee, Warren Leung, Lila Kal, Martha Link, John Litter, Karen Lurie, Illeny Maaza, Lisa Mack, Mark Malanowsky, Tom Meltzer, Andre Manitiu, Steve Menzies, Colin Morley, Elahe Mostaghel, Joe Mrus, Bryan Natinsky, Ray Nazzario, Jeff Newman, Jeff Nichols, Mike Nunley, Orestes O’Brien, Richard Onishi, John Orsay, John Pak, Karl Pankratz, Dinica Quesada, Andrea Paykin, Laurice Pearson, Gillian Perrone, Seijen Ra, Josh Rabinovich, Ken Riley, Grace Roegner, Jenny Robbins, Lisa Ruyter, Sharjeel H Sabir, Eric Schroeder, Christopher D Scott, Marc Seiden, Nilanjan Sen, Jason Shave, Kelly Shrago, Jonathan Silver, Leonard Silver, Carol Slominski, Kristine Smart, Carrie Smith, Susan Stroud, Michael Stuart, John Sun, Aaron Sylvan, Rob Tallia, Johnny Tang, Linda Tarleton, Chris omas, Jeff ompson, Sam Tomasello, Gary Ulaner, Kirsten Ulve, Ed Urbansky, Todd Weiser, Taylor Weiss, Eric Wertzer, Rick Westreich, Joanna Whiteley, Susan Wilcox, Barry Witner, Rose Wong, David Wright, Gail Zarick, Jordan Zaretsky, and Rob ZopfSpecial thanks to Paul Foglino, Kim Magloire, Paul Maniscalco, and John MarianiOriginal TPR course materials created by eodore Silver, MDCopyright © 2010, 2009, 2008, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997 by e Princeton Review, Inc All rights reserved2011 Editionis manual is for the exclusive use of Princeton Review course students, and is not legal for resale PrincetonReviewcom